Review of Research Project

Overall the experiment was unsuccessful. The concept to this lab was rather interesting trying to discover which orange juice between a frozen concentrate or Tropicana contained the most Vitamin C by the use of titration. There were several errors during the lab that somewhat slowed it down. This included the confusion of the starch indictator and the iodine diluted solution. Rather than adding the starch indicator to the Vitamin C solution, the iodine diluted solution was added instead. This error meant a color change did not occur. After this trial a new trial was completed. During this trial the starch indicator was added to the Vitamin C solution and during the titration process a final volume could not be recorded because the color change was not as apparent as it was projected to have been. A third trial was then completed and this time rather than using the diluted iodine solution to titrate the Vitamin C solution a straight iodine solution was tested out. After the starch indicator was added to the Vitamin C solution the straight iodine solution was added drop by drop into the Vitamin C solution. Still there was not a strong color change. Due to the lack of color change within these three trials the lab was marked as being a failure and ended. Some changes could have been made to this lab to make it work better. For instance instead of a starch indicator there could've been a stronger indicator added to titrate the Vitamin C solution. Also, a stronger iodine solution could've been used.

Materials & Procedure

Materials:

1. Three different samples of orange juice:
-home-made fresh-squeezed
-premium not-from concentrate juice
-made from frozen concentrate
2. juicer for extracting juice
3. cheesecloth
4. vitamin c tablets
5. distilled water
6. transfer pipettes
7. masking tape
8. permanent marker
9. small funnel
10. iodine solution
11. soluble starch
12. 50 mL graduated cylinder
13. 250 mL graduated cylinder
14. 500 mL graduated cylinder
15. 50 mL Ehrlenmeyer flask
16. 50 mL buret
17. ring stand
18. buret clamp
19. plastic transfer pipettes or an eyedropper
20. electronic kitchen balance
21. glass jars for iodine


Procedure:

1. Dilute the Lugol's solution in distilled water to make your iodine titration solution. Pour the 30 mL solution into the 500 mL graduated cylinder. Add enough distilled water to bring the total fluid volume to 300 mL and mix. Store the solution in a clean, tightly covered glass jar that is clearly labeled. Store it in a location that is protected from light.

2. Make a starch solution. Stir and dissolve it and allow it to cool. When it is cooled, store the starch solution in a clean, tightly covered glass jar that is clearly labeled.

3. Make a fresh vitamin C standard solution (1 mg/mL). Do this on each day that you make vitamin C measurements from oranges. Crush a 250 mg vitamin C tablet, and dissolve it in 100 mL of distilled water. Pour into a graduated cylinder and add distilled water to bring the total volume to 250 mL.

4. Titrate 25 mL of vitamin C standard solution. Use a clean 25 mL graduated cylinder to measure 20 mL of vitamin C standard solution. Pour this into a 50 mL Ehrlenmeyer flask. Add 10 drops of starch indicator solution. Set up the 50 mL buret on the ringstand. Use a funnel to carefully fill the buret with your iodine titration solution. Write down the initial volume of the iodine titration solution in the buret. Place the Ehrlenmeyer flask under the buret. Carefully release the spring clamp of the buret to add iodine solution drop by drop. Swirl the flask to mis in the iodine solution after each addition. The titration is complete when the iodine creates a blue-black color in the solution that lasts for longer than 20 seconds. Record the final volume of the iodine solution in the buret. The difference between the initial volume and the final volume is the amount of iodine titration solution needed to oxidize the vitamin C. Repeat this step three times.

5. Use a juicer to squeeze orange juice from two or more oranges. You will need 20 mL of juice per titration, and you should do at lesat three titrations per storage condition for a total of 60 mL. Filter the orange juice through a cheesecloth to remove any pulp and seeds.

6. Next, you will titrate the orange juice. Use a clean 25 mL graduated cylinder to measure 20 mL of the fresh-squeezed juice. Pour this into a 50 mL Ehrlenmeyer flask. Add 10 drops of starch indicator solution. Set up the 50 mL buret on the ringstand. Fill the buret nearly full with your iodine titration solution. Write downthe inital volume of the iodine titration solution in the buret. Place the Ehrlenmeyer flask under the buret. Carefully release the spring clamp of the buret to add iodine solution drop by drop. Swirl the flask to mix in the iodine solution after each addition. When the iodine creates a distinct color change in the juice solution the titration is completed. The color will change from orange to grayish brown when the endpoint is reached. Record the final volume of the iodine solution in the buret. The difference between the initial volume and the final volume is the amount of iodine titration solution needed to oxidize the vitamin C. Repeat this step three times.

7. Calculate the average amount of iodine needed to titrate a 20 mL sample for each juice.

8. Determine if one of the juices had more vitamin C than the others.

Hypothesis for Chem II Research Project

To determine which orange juice out of freshly squeezed, made from non-concentrate, or juice made from concentrate has the most amount of Vitamin C by using the process of titration.

Follow-up with Lab for Effectiveness of Sun Tan Lotions.

So Jordan and I just finished our lab in Chem to find the effectiveness of different sun tan lotions. Although at first the lab seemed like it would be pretty tough, once we figured out how to use everything correctly it was actually fun. The spectrophotometer was a cool machine to use for this experiment and it is amazing how it can easily calculate the amount of absorbtion of a certain suntan lotion by using just a cuvette, sun tan lotion, and isopropyl alcohol. During the experiment Jordan and I used 3 different kinds of sun tan lotion, Coppertone Sport which had an SPF of 15, Coppertone SPF 4 sunscreen, and Hawaiin Tropic SPF 30 Plus. Since the desired UVA wavelength was found to be 400 nanometers to 315 nanometers we decided to use three different wavelengths to test the different effectiveness (340, 370, and 400). Each absorbtion for the different wavelengths had different results, while some were more effective for one wavelength, another was more effective for a different wavelength. For the wavelength set at 340 Coppertone Sport proved to have the best effectiveness while Hawaiin Tropic was second and Coppertone SPF 4 was third. At the wavelength of 370 the effectiveness from most effective to the least effective was Hawaiin Tropic, Coppertone SPF 4, and Coppertone Sport. Finally the third wavelength of 400 ranged from the most of effective to the least effecctive of Hawaiin Tropic, Coppertone SPF 4, and Coppertone Sport. Each result proved that different sun tan lotions may be more effective at one wavelength compared to another wavelength, but also results may vary since a UVA wavelength was used rather than a UVB wavelength.

Procedure and Materials.

Procedure

1) Select the wave length desired, establishing baseline absorption with the control
2) Determine absorption by the unknown.
3) Limit data to the UV range.
4) Material can be spread onto the inside wall of the cuvettes with a cotton swab (simulating the type of coating which would be used on a sunbather's body).


Materials
1. Spectrophotometer
2. cuvettes
3. cotton swabs
4. several brands of sun screens

Chem Hypothesis.

Test the effectiveness of different types of suntan lotions against UVA rays using a spectrophotometer.